Dodecane: Properties, Uses, and Safety Profile

Dodecane is a straight-chain alkane hydrocarbon composed of twelve carbon atoms. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor and is commonly used as a solvent, fuel additive, and in various laboratory and industrial applications. As a member of the paraffin family, dodecane is chemically stable and exhibits low reactivity under normal conditions.

Chemical Identity

• Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₂₆

• Molar Mass: 170.34 g/mol

• IUPAC Name: Dodecane

• Common Synonyms: Laurane, Dihexyl, Bihexyl

Physical and Chemical Properties

• Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid

• Odor: Mild, petroleum-like

• Boiling Point: ~216°C

• Melting Point: ~ -10°C

• Density: ~0.75 g/cm³ at 20°C

• Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents

• Vapor Pressure: Low

• Flash Point: ~74°C

• Viscosity: Low to moderate, depending on temperature

Dodecane is non-polar and hydrophobic, making it effective in dissolving oils, waxes, and other non-polar compounds.

Major Applications

1. Solvent in Laboratories and Industry:
   Dodecane is often used as an inert solvent in chemical research and analysis, especially in chromatography and other separation techniques.

2. Fuel and Energy Research:
   It is commonly used as a model compound for kerosene and jet fuels in combustion research due to its similar physical properties and hydrocarbon structure.

3. Heat Transfer Fluids:
   Because of its high boiling point and thermal stability, dodecane can serve as a component in high-temperature heat transfer systems.

4. Hydrophobic Coatings and Surface Treatments:
   In some formulations, dodecane contributes to water-repellent coatings due to its long hydrocarbon chain.

5. Standard in Analytical Chemistry:
   Dodecane is used as a reference or calibration standard in gas chromatography and other analytical techniques.

6. Organic Synthesis:
   Occasionally used as a reaction medium for chemical processes that require non-polar conditions.

Health and Safety Information

• Toxicity:
  Dodecane has relatively low acute toxicity. However, inhalation of high concentrations can cause respiratory irritation, dizziness, or headaches. Prolonged skin contact may cause dryness or irritation.

• Fire and Explosion Risk:
  Although it has a relatively high flash point, dodecane is still flammable and should be kept away from heat, sparks, and open flames.

• Environmental Impact:
  It is not readily biodegradable and may accumulate in the environment. Dodecane can be toxic to aquatic organisms if released in large quantities.

Handling and Storage

• Store in a tightly closed container in a cool, well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition.

• Use personal protective equipment such as gloves and goggles when handling large amounts.

• Avoid inhaling vapors and prevent prolonged or repeated skin contact.

• Dispose of according to local environmental and hazardous waste regulations.

Conclusion

Dodecane is a versatile and relatively stable hydrocarbon used in a wide range of chemical, industrial, and research applications. Its low reactivity and favorable physical properties make it suitable as a solvent, standard, and model compound. While it poses minimal health hazards under controlled conditions, safe handling practices and environmental precautions are essential when working with or disposing of dodecane.

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